Marjorie+and+Joelle

William Leonard Smith Army/Marine Highest Rank: Lt Colonel (USA retired) Vietnam 1963 to 1969

Marjorie and Joelle

this will be easy!

toc =**History General History**=
 * President Kennedy committed to aid South Vietnam to help strengthen its young democratic government
 * Longest military conflict in U.S. History (1959-1975)
 * More than 58,000 American deaths
 * More than 304,000 other casualties
 * Also called the Second Indochina War
 * This war temporarily split Vietnam into North Vietnam and South Vietnam
 * Vietnam returned to Communist control
 * Approximately 4 million Vietnamese were killed on both sides
 * Vietnam war cost America over $150 Billion
 * American Forces officially became involved in 1955
 * First combat troops arrived in 1965
 * The war officially ended in January 1973 under President Nixon
 * The conflict started when France was forced out of Vietnam after ruling it as a colonial empire for 100 years.
 * This caused the country to split because of popular discontentment and it split into North Vietnam, under communist control, and South Vietnam, under a democratic government supported by the U.S.
 * The North created the National Liberation Front (NLF) with a goal to unify the country under communism.
 * In response to this conflict, President John F. Kennedy began supplying Military supplies and military advisors.
 * H****istory of the 4th Infantry Division (William was in the 4th Infantry Division, 2nd Brigade Combat Team)**

· The 4th Infantry Division is based at Fort Carson, Colorado.
· Fourth Infantry Division has four Brigade Combat Teams. · It is a very Technically advanced combat division in the U.S. Army. · Division’s Nicknames are “Ivy” and “Iron Horse”. Ivy leaves symbolize tenacity and fidelity. Iron Horse is used to indicate special speed and forces. · Division’s motto is “Steadfast and Loyal”.

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· Pleiku was a large base for the U.S. forces during the Vietnam War because of it being a junction (east, west, north, and south) and because it had an airport.
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· President Johnson discussed with his National Security Council as to where they would strike back. President Johnson wanted three things: A joint attack including Vietnamese planes and U.S. planes, A prompt attack, and an appropriate attack. ======

· Bombers were sent toward Donghoi and bombed Red guerrillas en route toward the South. Only one plane was shot down the pilot was rescued.
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· The last major battle of Dak To was on Novermber 19. The 2nd battalion of the 503rd Airborne tried to conquer Hill 875 but after an initial success, they were ambushed and held until the following day.======

· This allowed the U.S. to move out of cities and lowlands, an objective that had been long tried to accomplish.
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· Tet 1969 passed with little activity and was nothing compared to the Larger Tet Offensive in 1968.

 * Important Dates In the Vietnam War-**

**Results of Vietnam War-**
=**Interview Tips**=
 * ======American air strikes (bombings) destroyed most of N. Vietnam’s transportation systems.======
 * ======Air strikes also destroyed most of the Industrial systems======
 * ======S. Vietnam was almost destroyed because that was where most of the fighting took place.======
 * ======The chemicals and bombs dropped on Vietnam permanently damaged the landscape, crops, and wildlife.======

Preparation for Interview

 * 1) Choose a setting with little distraction. Avoid loud lights or noises, ensure the interviewee is comfortable (you might ask them if they are), etc. Often, they may feel more comfortable at their own places of work or homes.
 * 2) Explain the purpose of the interview.
 * 3) Address terms of confidentiality. Note any terms of confidentiality. (Be careful here. Rarely can you absolutely promise anything. Courts may get access to information, in certain circumstances.) Explain who will get access to their answers and how their answers will be analyzed. If their comments are to be used as quotes, get their written permission to do so.
 * 4) Explain the format of the interview. Explain the type of interview you are conducting and its nature. If you want them to ask questions, specify if they're to do so as they have them or wait until the end of the interview.
 * 5) Indicate how long the interview usually takes.
 * 6) Tell them how to get in touch with you later if they want to.
 * 7) Ask them if they have any questions before you both get started with the interview.
 * 8) Don't count on your memory to recall their answers. Ask for permission to record the interview or bring along someone to take notes.

Types of Interviews

 * 1) Informal, conversational interview - no predetermined questions are asked, in order to remain as open and adaptable as possible to the interviewee's nature and priorities; during the interview, the interviewer "goes with the flow".
 * 2) General interview guide approach - the guide approach is intended to ensure that the same general areas of information are collected from each interviewee; this provides more focus than the conversational approach, but still allows a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting information from the interviewee./LI>
 * 3) Standardized, open-ended interview - here, the same open-ended questions are asked to all interviewees (an open-ended question is where respondents are free to choose how to answer the question, i.e., they don't select "yes" or "no" or provide a numeric rating, etc.); this approach facilitates faster interviews that can be more easily analyzed and compared.
 * 4) Closed, fixed-response interview - where all interviewees are asked the same questions and asked to choose answers from among the same set of alternatives. This format is useful for those not practiced in interviewing.

Types of Topics in Questions
Patton notes six kinds of questions. One can ask questions about: Note that the above questions can be asked in terms of past, present or future. 
 * 1) Behaviors - about what a person has done or is doing
 * 2) Opinions/values - about what a person thinks about a topic
 * 3) Feelings - note that respondents sometimes respond with "I think ..." so be careful to note that you're looking for feelings
 * 4) Knowledge - to get facts about a topic
 * 5) Sensory - about what people have seen, touched, heard, tasted or smelled
 * 6) Background/demographics - standard background questions, such as age, education, etc.

Sequence of Questions

 * 1) Get the respondents involved in the interview as soon as possible.
 * 2) Before asking about controversial matters (such as feelings and conclusions), first ask about some facts. With this approach, respondents can more easily engage in the interview before warming up to more personal matters.
 * 3) Intersperse fact-based questions throughout the interview to avoid long lists of fact-based questions, which tends to leave respondents disengaged.
 * 4) Ask questions about the present before questions about the past or future. It's usually easier for them to talk about the present and then work into the past or future.
 * 5) The last questions might be to allow respondents to provide any other information they prefer to add and their impressions of the interview.



Wording of Questions

 * 1) Wording should be open-ended. Respondents should be able to choose their own terms when answering questions.
 * 2) Questions should be as neutral as possible. Avoid wording that might influence answers, e.g., evocative, judgmental wording.
 * 3) Questions should be asked one at a time.
 * 4) Questions should be worded clearly. This includes knowing any terms particular to the program or the respondents' culture.
 * 5) Be careful asking "why" questions. This type of question infers a cause-effect relationship that may not truly exist. These questions may also cause respondents to feel defensive, e.g., that they have to justify their response, which may inhibit their responses to this and future questions.

Conducting Interview

 * 1) Occasionally verify the tape recorder (if used) is working.
 * 2) Ask one question at a time.
 * 3) Attempt to remain as neutral as possible. That is, don't show strong emotional reactions to their responses. Patton suggests to act as if "you've heard it all before."
 * 4) Encourage responses with occasional nods of the head, "uh huh"s, etc.
 * 5) Be careful about the appearance when note taking. That is, if you jump to take a note, it may appear as if you're surprised or very pleased about an answer, which may influence answers to future questions.
 * 6) Provide transition between major topics, e.g., "we've been talking about (some topic) and now I'd like to move on to (another topic)."
 * 7) Don't lose control of the interview. This can occur when respondents stray to another topic, take so long to answer a question that times begins to run out, or even begin asking questions to the interviewer.

Adapted from the [|Field Guide to Consulting and Organizational Development]. Free Management Library
=Narratives=
 * integrating key points throughout a proposal;
 * establishing priorities and goals for a project;
 * using compelling stories to illustrate points

- establish goals - make it understandable http://staff.lib.msu.edu/harris23/grants/threekey.htm
= = =Video Narratives - they researched their questions -they asked questions that were specific and got the information they needed -they had a relaxed setting -sometimes they would cut the veteran off -little bit of rambling -seemed unsure of how to ask some of their questions -the one included video of interview, i think they needed more like pictures and video clips -they seemed prepared and the interview seemed thought out -the one had a good start because it used pictures= =Interview Questions:=